Kidney stones are among the most common disorders of the urinary system. They develop when minerals and salts in the kidneys crystallize and form hard deposits of varying sizes. Small stones may pass through the urinary tract without causing noticeable symptoms, whereas larger stones can lead to severe pain and serious health complications that require medical intervention. Kidney stones can develop due to several factors, the most significant being inadequate water intake, which increases the concentration of minerals in the urine. Other contributing factors include excessive consumption of salty foods and animal protein, obesity, certain hereditary disorders, recurrent urinary tract infections, and metabolic conditions that increase the likelihood of stone formation. The symptoms of kidney stones vary depending on their size and location. However, the most common symptom is severe pain in the side or lower back, which may radiate to the lower abdomen or groin. Other symptoms may include painful urination, blood in the urine, nausea, vomiting, and, in some cases, fever if an infection is present. The diagnosis of kidney stones is based on clinical examination, laboratory tests of blood and urine, and medical imaging techniques such as ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) scans. These diagnostic methods help determine the size and location of the stones and guide the selection of the most appropriate treatment. Preventing kidney stones involves maintaining adequate daily water intake, following a balanced diet, reducing excessive salt consumption and foods rich in oxalates when necessary, maintaining a healthy body weight, avoiding the unnecessary use of dietary supplements or medications without medical advice, and undergoing regular medical check-ups, particularly for individuals at higher risk. Adopting a healthy lifestyle, consuming a balanced diet, and drinking sufficient water every day can significantly reduce the risk of developing kidney stones. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment also play a vital role in preventing complications and preserving normal kidney function and overall urinary tract health. AL_mustaqbal University is the first university in Iraq