Cybersecurity is one of the fundamental pillars of protecting institutions and data from digital threats. However, the success of security strategies depends not only on technical solutions but also on the competence of human resources and the effectiveness of an institution’s organizational structure. Institutions face several challenges that may weaken their security systems, most notably the shortage of cybersecurity specialists, work-related pressures that lead to professional burnout, and the difficulty of retaining qualified experts. Social engineering, including email phishing and voice phishing, is also one of the most significant threats targeting employees by exploiting limited security awareness or excessive trust. Neglecting security controls, such as sharing passwords and using unprotected devices, further increases the likelihood of cyberattacks. Moreover, limited budgets, weak security governance, and slow decision-making affect institutions’ ability to address cybersecurity risks and respond effectively to security incidents. Addressing these challenges requires strengthening security awareness among all employees, developing continuous training programs, providing the necessary financial and human resources, adopting clear security policies, and integrating cybersecurity risk management into institutions’ strategic plans. Conclusion Building an effective cybersecurity system cannot be achieved through technology alone. It requires the integration of human expertise, institutional governance, and continuous security awareness to ensure information protection and strengthen institutions’ ability to confront digital threats.