Law in ancient Iraq is considered one of the most prominent achievements of civilization that contributed to organizing human life and building stable societies. Since the emergence of civilizations in Mesopotamia, the ancient Iraqis realized that the continuation of life within cities required rules to regulate relationships between people, protect rights, and reduce conflicts. Law was not merely a set of orders and punishments; rather, it was part of the development of ancient Iraqi society and evidence of humanity’s pursuit of order and justice. Mesopotamia witnessed the emergence of great civilizations, such as the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian civilizations. These civilizations left behind an important legal heritage that reflects the social, economic, and political conditions of that time. As cities expanded and agriculture and trade flourished, the need arose for clear rules to regulate property, buying and selling, marriage, inheritance, debts, and relationships between individuals. One of the most important features of law in ancient Iraq was the emergence of written legal codes. Among the most prominent was the Code of Ur-Nammu, which dates back to approximately the twenty-first century BC and is considered one of the oldest surviving written legal codes. It addressed issues related to assault, property, and social relations. Other legal codes followed, such as the Laws of Eshnunna and the Code of Lipit-Ishtar, leading to the Code of Hammurabi, which is considered one of the most famous legal systems in the history of Mesopotamia. It contained approximately 282 legal provisions covering family affairs, trade, agriculture, crimes, and punishments. Justice in ancient Iraq was not based on complete equality among all members of society. Punishments sometimes differed according to individuals’ social status, and the rights of free people differed from those of slaves. Therefore, we can understand that the law reflected the nature of the society in which it developed, including its values, traditions, and social inequalities. Another important aspect was the connection between law, government, and religion. Kings presented themselves as responsible for establishing justice and protecting order, while legal texts linked royal authority to divine will. This belief helped strengthen the position of law in society and made compliance with it part of maintaining the stability of the state. Studying law in ancient Iraq reveals that Iraqi civilization was not limited to building cities and temples or advancing agriculture and writing; it also contributed to the development of legal thought and the regulation of human relationships. These laws are particularly important because they represent part of Iraq’s cultural heritage and demonstrate how people, thousands of years ago, attempted to resolve disputes, protect interests, and establish boundaries for behavior within society. In conclusion, law in ancient Iraq was one of the fundamental pillars that contributed to the establishment of the state and the continuation of an organized social life. Among the most significant legal achievements were the Code of Ur-Nammu and the Code of Hammurabi, which had an important place in the history of human legal thought. When we reflect on this heritage today, we realize that the pursuit of justice and the organization of society are not modern ideas, but rather ancient human endeavors that have been witnessed on the land of Iraq since the dawn of civilization. #Al-Mustaqbal University – The first private university in Iraq