In recent years, significant advances have been made in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Among the emerging approaches that have attracted both scientific and media attention is the development of personalized therapeutic vaccines based on advanced technologies, including mRNA vaccines. In this context, Russia has announced the development of vaccines designed for cancer patients, most notably NeoOncovac and EnteroMix. These vaccines differ from conventional preventive vaccines, such as measles vaccines, as therapeutic cancer vaccines aim to stimulate the patient’s immune system to recognize and target cancer cells. Some of these approaches rely on analyzing the genetic characteristics and mutations present in a tumor to develop a more personalized treatment for each patient. NeoOncovac NeoOncovac is one of the most prominent Russian projects announced in the field of personalized therapeutic cancer vaccines. It is based on mRNA technology and aims to stimulate an immune response against tumor-associated antigens. Its development has been associated with Russian research and medical institutions, with its initial application directed toward specific cases of skin cancer, particularly advanced melanoma. Available information indicates that its clinical use remains limited and that the results reported so far represent preliminary data that do not allow definitive conclusions to be drawn regarding the vaccine’s effectiveness on a broad scale. EnteroMix EnteroMix is another Russian project that has received considerable media attention. However, published information regarding its nature, mechanism of action, and clinical outcomes remains limited compared with those available for established vaccines. Therefore, claims regarding its therapeutic effectiveness should be approached with caution, while distinguishing between preliminary research findings and clinically established efficacy. What Do the Clinical Data Show? Available evidence indicates that these technologies are still in the early stages of clinical development and that the number of patients involved in initial studies remains limited. Consequently, there are currently no extensive clinical data that would allow researchers to determine an overall success rate or establish that these vaccines can treat cancer across different cancer types. Furthermore, preliminary results, even when they indicate encouraging immune responses or acceptable tolerability, are not sufficient on their own to establish definitive therapeutic efficacy. This requires broader clinical trials involving larger numbers of patients and longer follow-up periods, together with publication of the findings in peer-reviewed scientific journals. Are These Vaccines Globally Approved? It is important to distinguish between local clinical development or use and international regulatory approval. The announcement by a country that it has developed a treatment or authorized its use within a specific program or protocol does not automatically mean that the treatment has received approval from international regulatory authorities. Based on the available information, these vaccines should not be described as globally approved treatments for cancer. In addition, the World Health Organization (WHO) does not generally grant pharmaceutical approvals of the type issued by national regulatory authorities such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or the European Medicines Agency (EMA). Conclusion Personalized therapeutic cancer vaccines, including emerging Russian projects, represent a promising direction in immunotherapy and precision medicine. However, their scientific evaluation should be based on the strength of clinical evidence rather than media statements or preliminary findings alone. Accordingly, the currently available information does not justify describing these vaccines as a definitive cure for cancer or claiming that they can eliminate the disease in general. Further large-scale and well-designed clinical trials are still needed to determine their effectiveness and safety, identify the patient groups that may benefit from them, and assess their potential integration into standard clinical practice. Therefore, claims referring to “eliminating cancer” or “high cure rates” should be treated with caution. The assessment of any new treatment should rely on the results of clinical studies published in peer-reviewed scientific literature and evaluated by qualified experts and relevant regulatory authorities. By the Head of the Department, Prof. Dr. Younis Abdul Ridha Al-Khafaji Al-Mustaqbal University the First in Iraq