Introduction After the summer season, many patients experience the appearance of dark spots on the face, neck, and hands. The most common types of hyperpigmentation include melasma and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. This condition is not merely a cosmetic concern; it can significantly affect patients' psychological well-being and self-confidence, particularly among women. Hyperpigmentation is defined as an increase in melanin production by melanocytes in the skin. It occurs when these cells are stimulated by various factors, most notably ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. What Is Melasma? And How Does It Differ from Other Types of Hyperpigmentation? - Melasma: An acquired pigmentation disorder characterized by light to dark brown patches that are usually symmetrical on both sides of the face. It commonly affects the cheeks, forehead, nose, and upper lip. - Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation (PIH): Develops following acne, burns, improper chemical peels, or unsuitable laser treatments. It appears as dark spots at the sites of previous skin inflammation or injury. - Freckles and Sunspots: Develop as a result of prolonged sun exposure and are more noticeable in individuals with fair skin. Why Does Hyperpigmentation Increase After Summer? 1. Direct and Prolonged Sun Exposure: Ultraviolet radiation (UVA and UVB) is one of the major triggers of melanogenesis (melanin production). 2. Incorrect or Insufficient Sunscreen Application: This includes applying insufficient amounts, failing to reapply regularly, or choosing a sunscreen that is unsuitable for the skin type. 3. Heat and Sweating: High temperatures may contribute to skin inflammation and stimulate melanocyte activity. 4. Hormonal Changes: Pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, and thyroid disorders may increase susceptibility to melasma and worsen existing pigmentation. 5. Use of Irritating Skincare Products or Aggressive Peeling Treatments During Summer: High-concentration retinoids or exfoliating acids used without adequate sun protection may cause skin irritation followed by secondary hyperpigmentation. Prevention and Treatment Guidelines - Apply broad-spectrum sunscreen (SPF 50+) daily and reapply it regularly. - Avoid aggressive chemical peels and irritating skincare products during periods of intense summer heat. - Consult a qualified dermatologist to select appropriate depigmenting treatments, such as Hydroquinone, Azelaic Acid, or Tranexamic Acid, under medical supervision.